Geography 

It covers a total area of 752,618 square kilometers. The country, in addition, is characterized by a high plateau that extends from the southwest to the northeast, with an average elevation of 1,200 meters. Zambia is also home to several significant rivers, including the Zambezi, Kafue, and Luangwa Rivers, primarily hydroelectric power sources supporting essential ecosystems. The country has a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, and its diverse landscapes and ecosystems support various plant and animal species.

Climate 

Zambia has a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. The rainy season typically begins around November to April, with January to March experiencing the heaviest rainfall. During this time, temperatures are generally high, and humidity is high as well. The dry season begins from May to October, with cooler temperatures and lower humidity. May to August is considered the “cool” season, while September and October can be hot. Zambia also experiences regional variations in climate, with the western and southern parts of the country generally being more humid and receiving more rainfall than the south and east. Despite being a tropical country, some areas of Zambia, notably higher elevations, can experience frost and snow during the cool season. Zambia’s climate shapes its ecosystems, agriculture, and economy.

Population 

According to recent estimates from the United Nations, Zambia’s population is around 19.2 million people (as of 2021). The population is generally relatively young, with a median age of 18.5 years, growing at approximately 2.5% annually. Urbanization is also increasing, with around 44% of the population living in urban areas. The largest city is Lusaka, home to over 2 million people. The country is ethnically diverse, with over 70 ethnic groups, although most of the population is Bantu-speaking.

Language 

Zambia is a linguistically diverse state with over 70 ethnic groups, each with its language and culture. The country’s official language is English; it is widely spoken in urban areas and is the language of government, business, and education. However, most Zambians speak one or more regional languages as their first language, with Bemba, Nyanja, and Tonga being among the most widely spoken. Other significant languages include Lozi, Lunda, Kaonde, and Luvale.

Religion 

According to the latest estimates, Zambia is a predominantly Christian country, with approximately 75% of the population identifying as Christian. The largest Christian denominations in Zambia are the Roman Catholic Church, the United Church of Zambia, the Seventh-day Adventist Church, and the Pentecostal Church. Around 20% of the population adheres to traditional African religions, which are often syncretic and incorporate elements of Christianity or Islam. Islam is practiced by around 2% of the population and is most prevalent in the eastern and southern regions of the country. Zambia’s religious diversity is generally characterized by tolerance and coexistence, and religious freedom is protected by the constitution.

Government 

Zambia is a presidential representative democratic republic, with the President serving as head of state and government. The President’s election is by the popular vote for a five-year duration with a maximum of two terms. The National Assembly is a unicameral legislature with 156 members, with 150 members directly elected by popular vote and six appointed by the President. Zambia’s judiciary is independent, with the Supreme Court serving as the highest court in the country. Zambia is divided into ten provinces, each under a provincial minister appointed by the head of state. While Zambia’s democratic institutions are generally considered robust, the country faces several governance challenges, including corruption, weak rule of law, and limited access to public services in rural areas.

Economy 

Zambia’s economy is primarily based on mining, agriculture, and tourism. The country is among the world’s largest producers of copper, and copper mining and processing account for a significant portion of Zambia’s export earnings. Agriculture also plays an important role, with most of the population engaged in subsistence farming. Zambia is a major producer of tobacco, maize, and other crops.

Culture 

Zambia’s culture is characterized by its diversity, with over 70 different ethnic groups, each contributing their unique traditions and customs. Traditional music, dance, and storytelling are essential cultural practices, with many communities using these forms of expression to pass down knowledge and preserve their heritage. Zambia’s visual arts include basketry, pottery, and woodcarving, among others, and many communities have distinctive textile and clothing styles. Traditional ceremonies and festivals, such as the Kuomboka ceremony of the Lozi people and the Lwiindi Gonde ceremony of the Tonga people, are important events that bring communities together and showcase their cultural practices.

Recent History 

In recent history, Zambia has undergone significant political and economic changes. In 1991, the country transitioned from one-party rule to a multi-party democracy, which led to greater political freedom and economic liberalization. However, the country has faced several challenges, including high levels of poverty, unemployment, and inequality, as well as governance issues such as corruption and weak rule of law.